Stirred, ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction process of ?-carotene from Rhodotorula glutinis in biorefinery downstream

Due to the general population awareness about specific health hazards of synthetic chemical dyes, natural colorant materials have been gaining attention in past several years. Among them, ?-carotene is widely used as a soluble orange–red pigment food industry, while also presenting medical care benefits. Thus, considerable efforts dedicated development an efficient serial, cost effective and sustainable extraction process for its recovery. Herein, solid–liquid (SLE), ultrasound-assisted (UAE) microwave-assisted (MAE) equilibrium separation were carried out using 4 organic solvents isolation from Rhodotorula glutinis yeast. Results suggested that technique-wise, UAE performed similarly SLE, whereas MAE was not optimal. According solvent applied, followed increasing trend: dichloromethane < diethyl ether dimethyl carbonate ethyl acetate. The latter resulted 45 ± 3 ?g g?1, 42 2 g?1 41 being extracted with UAE, SLE MAE, respectively. These operation findings show positive relationship effect greener during activity optimisation high-added value molecular compound, pro-vitamin A, fungi. Additionally, diffusion-based model system implemented first time determine mass transfer phenomena. When correlated experiments, good measurement accuracy validated; hence, showing promising results predictive future research studies, especially mechanistic.